Rubens Duval (25 October 1839 – 10 May 1911) was a French orientalist, specialist of the Aramaic language.
Upon returning from a trip to Germany where he studied for two years the course of Heinrich Ewald at the University of Göttingen (1867–1869), he devoted himself entirely to the study of Semitic languages, especially Aramaic.
Appointed professor of Aramaic languages and literatures at the Collège de France in 1895 (inaugural lecture April 23), he held this chair until 1907, when his state of health forced him to resign.
He contributed himself to the Asian Journal by twenty articles and hundreds of bibliographic records.
He was also a member of the Société de linguistique de Paris (and of its Publications Committee), member of the Council of the League of Jewish Studies, and regular member of the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft Morgenländische).