Beginning in the 1840s, immigrant farmers from Luxembourg settled in the towns of Northern Ozaukee County, including Belgium.

The Menominee surrendered the land that would become Belgium to the United States Federal Government through the 1832 Treaty of Washington.

[4] The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway began running through the community in 1872, spurring population growth.

The population began to concentrate around the railroad station, and the Village of Belgium was incorporated out of some of the town's land in 1922.

[5] From 1901 to 1925, the Lake Shore Stone Company operated a dolomite quarry at the present location of Harrington Beach State Park in the Town of Belgium.

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources considers the town to be in the Central Lake Michigan Coastal ecological landscape.

[7] Large mammals, including white-tailed deer, coyotes, and red foxes can be seen in the town.

The open fields in the western part of Harrington Beach are a breeding ground for upland sandpipers.

[7] The region struggles with many invasive species, including the emerald ash borer, common carp, reed canary grass, the common reed, purple loosestrife, garlic mustard, Eurasian buckthorns, and honeysuckles.

[8] Some of the wetlands in the Town of Belgium are especially affected by reed canary grass, with the invasive species accounting for more than 50% of plant coverage along some stretches of Sucker Creek and the Onion River.

Since 1987, the society has also organized an annual Luxembourg Fest featuring tradition cuisine such as träipen.

[12] The Divine Savior Catholic Congregation, based out of Fredonia, administers the Catholic churches and chapels in the Town of Belgium as well as the St. Rose of Lima Chapel in Fredonia, St. Mary Mother of Sorrows Church in the hamlet of Little Kohler, and Our Lady of the Lakes in Random Lake.

All of the district's schools are located in Cedar Grove, Sheboygan County, north of the Town of Belgium.

[21] The Ozaukee Interurban Trail, which is for pedestrian and bicycle use, passes through Belgium and connects the town to the neighboring communities of Port Washington and Cedar Grove, and continues north to Oostburg and south to Milwaukee County.

The Union Pacific Railroad operates a freight rail line running parallel to the Ozaukee Interurban Trail,[22] but Belgium currently does not have a passenger train station.

The 715-acre park includes a white cedar and hardwood swamp, grasslands with restored wetland ponds and a flooded limestone quarry which is now a 26-acre lake stocked with fish.

The former site of a golf course, the preserve contains hardwood forests, grasslands, and restored wetlands as well as a nature center, and is a habitat for birds that migrate along the Great Lakes shores.