Shampoo
There are also shampoos intended for animals that may contain insecticides or other medications to treat skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas.
[1] Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, a tropical tree widespread in India, is called ksuna (Sanskrit: क्षुण)[2] in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant.
Other products used for hair cleansing were shikakai (Acacia concinna), hibiscus flowers,[4][5] ritha (Sapindus mukorossi) and arappu (Albizzia amara).
[7] Cleansing the hair and body massage (champu) during one's daily bath was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India.
In 1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife Jane Daly, opened the first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, in Brighton.
He described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when everything fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints".
The book acted as a marketing tool for his unique baths in Brighton and capitalised on the early 19th-century trend for seaside spa treatments.
[16] In 1900, German perfumer and hair-stylist Josef Wilhelm Rausch developed the first liquid hair washing soap and named it "Champooing" in Emmishofen, Switzerland.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing the same naturally derived surfactants, a type of detergent.
The shampoo is obtained by soaking and rubbing the bark of the vine Gugo (Entada phaseoloides),[19][20] producing a lather that cleanses the scalp effectively.
This effect is achieved by the addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate, chemically derived from stearic acid, which may have either animal or vegetable origins.
The North American Hair Research Society has a program to certify functional claims based on third-party testing.
Shampoos made for treating medical conditions such as dandruff[30] or itchy scalp are regulated as OTC drugs[31] in the US marketplace.
These contain fungicides such as ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione and selenium disulfide, which reduce loose dander by killing fungi like Malassezia furfur.
[24] Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it were to get into the eyes.
Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange.
The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticidals, antiseborrheic, antibacterials, antifungals, emollients, emulsifiers and humectants.
They commonly contain benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, triclosan, ethyl lactate, or sulfur.
[37] These usually contain colloidal oatmeal, hydrocortisone, Aloe vera, pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol, diphenhydramine, sulfur or salicylic acid.
These ingredients are aimed to reduce the inflammation, cure the condition and ease the symptoms at the same time while providing comfort to the pet.
Natural ingredients that might be potential allergens for some pets include eucalyptus, lemon or orange extracts and tea tree oil.
Soap-based shampoo bars are high in pH (alkaline) compared to human hair and scalps, which are slightly acidic.
This type of shampoo cannot be spilled, but unlike a solid, it can still be lost down the drain by sliding off wet skin or hair.
[43][44] Closely associated with environmentalism, the "no poo" movement consists of people rejecting the societal norm of frequent shampoo use.
[45][46] In the 1970s, ads featuring Farrah Fawcett and Christie Brinkley asserted that it was unhealthy not to shampoo several times a week.
According to Michelle Hanjani, a dermatologist at Columbia University, a gradual reduction in shampoo use will cause the sebum glands to produce at a slower rate, resulting in less grease in the scalp.
