Solar Frontier

It is a fully owned subsidiary of Showa Shell Sekiyu and located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

The company emphasizes the fact that it uses neither cadmium (Cd) nor lead (Pb) for its cells.

[4] CIGS technology often uses a thin (< 50 nm) CdS buffer layer, and the semiconductor material of rival CdTe-technology itself contains the toxic cadmium (Cd), while conventional crystalline silicon modules use a lead-containing solder material.

[5] The company's largest plant is located at Kunitomi and has been operating since its soft opening in February, 2011, with a production capacity of close to 1 GW per year (900 MW).

[7] The latest CIS line technology includes solar modules with conversion efficiencies of over 15%.