Speech production
This includes the selection of words, the organization of relevant grammatical forms, and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system using the vocal apparatus.
[3][4] Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs that generates sound by phonation through the glottis in the larynx that then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants.
[7] The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing: conceptualization, formulation, and articulation.
[10] The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic form required for the expression of the desired message is created.
Morpho-phonological encoding is the process of breaking words down into syllables to be produced in overt speech.
[8][10] The motor control for speech production in right handed people depends mostly upon areas in the left cerebral hemisphere.
[12][13] The cerebellum aids the sequencing of speech syllables into fast, smooth and rhythmically organized words and longer utterances.
[16] The attributes of accepted speech models are: a) a conceptual stage where the speaker abstractly identifies what they wish to express.
[19] The third stage proposed by Fromkin is where/when the message gains different stresses and intonations based on the meaning.
The sixth and final stage of Fromkin's Utterance Generator Model is the coordination of the motor commands necessary for speech.
Although The Utterance Generator Model accounts for many nuances and data found by speech error studies, researchers decided it still had room to be improved.
[24] In 1994,[25] Dell proposed a model of the lexical network that became fundamental in the understanding of the way speech is produced.
And, the third level represents the phonemes ( syllabic information including onset, vowels, and codas).
[1] This level functions to maintain syntax and place words correctly into sentence structure that makes sense to the speaker.
[27] The lowest and final level is the form stratum which, similarly to the Dell Model, contains syllabic information.
From here, the information stored at the form stratum level is sent to the motor cortex where the vocal apparatus are coordinated to physically produce speech sounds.
The physical structure of the human nose, throat, and vocal cords allows for the productions of many unique sounds, these areas can be further broken down into places of articulation.
[28] Our ability to utilize these skills to create the various sounds needed to communicate effectively is essential to our speech production.
Speech between two people is a conversation - they can be casual, formal, factual, or transactional, and the language structure/ narrative genre employed differs depending upon the context.
Language level manifestations that affect brings could be observed with the speaker's hesitations, repetitions, false starts, incompletion, syntactic blends, etc.
Average speaking rates are in the 120 to 150 words per minute (wpm) range, and same is the recommended guidelines for recording audiobooks.
Babbling works with object permanence and understanding of location to support the networks of our first lexical items or words.
[33] The holistic stage refers to when infant speech consists of one word at a time (i.e. papa).
[7] At this point in an infant's development of speech their lexicon consists of 200 words or more and they are able to understand even more than they can speak.
