In 1891, the Filder Railway Company (Filderbahn-Gesellschaft) decided to establish a line from Möhringen to Vaihingen station, which was approved by the government on 14 April 1896.

In 1898 a Rollbock facility was built at the station to enable standard gauge freight wagons to be transferred from Vaihingen on the Filder Railway to run to Degerloch, Hohenheim and Neuhausen.

The Württembergische Nebenbahnen AG ("Württemberg Local Railway Company", the successor to the Filder Railway Company) closed the connection to Vaihingen Ort station on 15 April 1915 so that its copper wire could be used for military purposes during World War I.

The line was reopened on 28 October 1929 as the Urban Filder Railway (Städtische Filderbahn) and connected to the Stuttgart tramways.

With the incorporation of Vaihingen in the city of Stuttgart on 1 April 1942, the station's name was changed a second time to Stuttgart-Vaihingen.

With the commissioning of the Verbindungsbahn ("connection line") on 29 September 1985, S-Bahn operations began and regional trains no longer called at Stuttgart-Vaihingen.