Takeoff

These are therefore fitted with high-lift devices, often including slats and usually flaps, which increase the camber and often area of the wing, making it more effective at low speed, thus creating more lift.

Operations with transport category aircraft employ the concept of the takeoff V-speeds: V1, VR and V2.

A safety margin can be added to provide the option to stop on the runway in case of a rejected takeoff.

In most such aircraft, any engine failure results in a rejected takeoff as a matter of course, since even overrunning the end of the runway is preferable to lifting off with insufficient power to maintain flight.

Generally speaking, Vx is a lower speed than Vy, and requires a higher pitch attitude to achieve.

A headwind will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings.

[1] Some aircraft are specifically designed for short takeoff and landing (STOL), which they achieve by becoming airborne at very low speeds.

Assisted takeoff is any system for helping aircraft into the air (as opposed to strictly under its own power).

Other late projects developed in Nazi Germany, such as the Heinkel P.1077 Julia or the Focke-Wulf Volksjäger 2, climbed to their ceiling at a nearly vertical angle and landed later on a skid.

Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate by VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle horizontal motion.