Tire model

[5] Fully physics-based tire models have been typically too computational expensive to be run in realtime driving simulations.

For example, to since CDTire/3D, a physics-based tire model, cannot be run in realtime, for realtime applications typically an equivalent semi-empirical "magic formula" type of model, called CDTire/Realtime, is derived from it through experiments and a regression algorithm.

[6] In 2016, a slightly less accurate version of FTire, a physics-based tire model, was adapted to be run in real time.

[7] This realtime version of FTire was shown in 2018 to run on a 2,7 GHz 12 Core Intel Xeon E5 (2014, 22 nm process, about $2000), with 900 contact road/contact patch elements, a sample frequency of 4.0 kHz including thermal and wear simulation.

[8] The typical tire model sampling rate used in automotive simulators is 1 kHz.