The car, driven by an unchanged lineup from 2009 of Sébastien Buemi and Jaime Alguersuari, was unveiled at the first official test of 2010 on February 1, at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia.

On 19 occasions did a STR5 cross the finish line of a Grand Prix, with Buemi chalking up 5 retirements in 19 races, failing to finish a Grand Prix in Australia, China, Spain, Germany and South Korea.

Alguersuari chalked up the first points of the season in Round 3 at Sepang, Malaysia with a 9th place finish.

At the end of the season, Buemi and Alguersuari finished 16th and 19th in the Drivers' Championship respectively, while Toro Rosso finished ninth in the Constructors' Championship, their 13 points being their lowest tally for the second season running.

(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) † The driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.