Toshavim

Toshavim (Hebrew: תושבים, "residents") or bildiyīn (Moroccan Arabic: بلديين, lit.

Both groups are considered indigenous to the area despite their migration and diaspora origins.

During the middle ages migration between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa was common due to local political and economic conditions and depending on the ruling kingdom and treatment of Jews.

[2] Toshavim had their own minhagim (Judaic traditions) and they spoke Judeo-Arabic or Judeo-Berber dialects.

[5] For example, in Fez, Morocco, the common minhag for (most of) the two communities was accepted only in 18th century.