[1] Verrucotoxin shares a total of 96% homology to the closely related venom stonustoxin beta subunit.
There are three subunits of β-adrenoceptors, β1, β2, and β3, but only β2-adrenoceptors are responsible for the activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase (PKA) pathway.
[2] The stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa, has a diverse set of toxins that disrupts basic human ability.
When injected with the toxins found in the dorsal fins of the fish, individuals will suffer from skeletal muscle paralysis, extreme pain, seizures, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and damage to the cardiovascular system.
[1] For the cardiovascular system damage, it is caused by the sudden change in the intercellular calcium concentration leading to arrhythmia.