[3] In late 1885, Motora spoke at two churches in Decatur, Illinois, telling the congregations that he hoped his education in Boston would prepare him to return to Japan and convert people to Christianity.

[6] Dissatisfied with his education in Boston, Motora went to Johns Hopkins University to study under experimental psychologist G. Stanley Hall.

[3] Around that time, Hall's laboratory was home to several students who went on to become prominent academics, including Edmund Sanford, Clifton F. Hodge, and James H.

[9] Though he had translated Wundt's work, Motora came to believe that emotion was a product of only one dimension: pleasure versus displeasure.

"It was our opinion that the fault might not be with the doctor's theory, but rather with ourselves, for the helmets often came off while we were asleep as we were restless," Watase said, adding that Motora never brought up such an experiment to him again.

[7] Motora and Hall collaborated on an 1888 study of the skin's sensitivity to changes in pressure; their paper was published in the first issue of the American Journal of Psychology.

[2] Coming back to Japan after his doctoral studies, Motora became principal of the Tokyo Eiwa School.

The same year, Motora was promoted to the rank of professor at Tokyo Imperial University, though there was not a full psychology department at the time.

[4] In 1895, Motora kept a journal of a week-long period practicing Zen meditation at Engaku-ji, a Buddhist temple in Tokyo.

[10] In 1903, with the assistance of one of his former students, Matatarō Matsumoto, Motora set up Japan's first formal laboratory in experimental psychology at the university.

[11] Motora was named a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Second Class.

[2] He was selected to give a presentation at the 1905 International Congress of Psychology, where he read a paper on the concept of the self based on his experience with meditation.

[3] Tomokichi Fukurai, another of Motora's students, attained short-lived recognition in the field but is mostly known for his discredited work in parapsychology.

[3] In the United States, scholars had already taken dismissive attitudes toward paranormal research, but Fukurai was apparently unaware of this since he had studied only in Japan.

In 1910, when Fukurai insisted that he had identified three clairvoyant women, Motora tried to convince him to drop this line of research.

[16] Thus, "the Fukurai affair" led to a change in focus that delayed the development of clinical psychology in Japan until after World War II.

[3] Motora did not conduct research in fine arts or aesthetics, but a number of alumni from his department became known for their work in this area.