[4] Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s.

[4] A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.

[10] Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the Amoscocongon who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect,[11] and the Caniba, which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period.

In Reflections in Bullough's Pond, historian Diana Muir argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population.

[12][page needed] In 1614, six years before the Mayflower arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including Wampanoag member Tisquantum from the Patuxet tribe in what would later become Massachusetts, and took them to Spain to sell as slaves.

By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of New France in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives.

The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages.

During Queen Anne's War in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from Wells to Casco, killing about 300 settlers over ten years.

[5] Amaseconti, Androscoggin, Kennebec, Maliseet, Ouarastegouiak, Passamaquoddy, Patsuiket, Penobscot, Pigwacket, Rocameca, Sokoni, and Wewenoc.

Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown, Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus.

Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock.

The name means 'pollock spearing place' with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake.

Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means 'people who separated'.

Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese.

Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and Wacoogo.

For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the Quebec-Montreal axis.

Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $3 million Canadian dollars.

Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin (National Film Board of Canada).

Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for the bands' arts and crafts.

Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans.

The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and powwows.

Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill.

[25] The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker, Jesse Bruchac, lead partial immersion classes in the language across the Northeastern United States.

[27] Middlebury College in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week immersion program in the summer.

Aln8bak News was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki.

[36] According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support from online readers.

[27] The 2015 National Geographic Channel miniseries Saints & Strangers told the story of the founding of Plymouth Plantation and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving".

[6][41] It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the alveolar affricate phonemes /ts/ and /dz/.

[6] In general, the sentence structure appears to be SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), but word order is largely free, being mainly dependent on pragmatic factors.

[5] adag- 'dishonest, uncertain, unreliable' akika 'sow, plant' alem- 'continuing, going farther' aodi- 'fight as in battle, make war' azow- 'change, exchange, trade' basoj- 'near in space or time' -beskwan 'the back of the body' bid- 'unintentional, accidental, by mistake' cegas- 'ignite, kindle, burn' cik- 'sweep' cow- 'must, certain, need, want' dab- 'enough' dok- 'wake' -don 'mouth' gata- 'ready, prepared' gelo- 'speak, talk' gwesi- 'respect, honor' -ilalo 'tongue' jajal- 'incapable' -jat 'sinew, tendon' jig- 'let, allow' -kezen 'shoe, moccasin' kwaji- 'outside, outdoors' la 'be true' lakann- 'travel' legwas- 'dream' lina- 'seem, feel, appear like' mad- 'bad' msk- 'grass' nakwh- 'sneeze' -nijôn 'child' nsp- 'with' odana 'village' ômilka 'smoke dry meat' -ôwigan 'spine, backbone' pkwam- 'ice' pôlôba- 'proud, vain' segag- 'vomit' skoôb- 'wait and watch' spôz- 'early, in the morning' tekwen- 'arrest, make prisoner' -tôgan 'Adam's apple' waja- 'kiss' wazas- 'slippery' wôgas 'bear's den' -zegwes 'mother-in-law' zowi 'sour' zôkwta 'exhaust, run out of' bitawabagwizibo 'Lake Champlain River' masisoliantegw 'Sorel River' masipskwbi 'Missisquoi Bay' baliten 'Burlington' Source:[44] sanôba = man phanem * = woman kwai = hello (casual) pahakwinôgwezian = hello; lit.