[3] Proposed interventions to treat tendinopathy have limited or no scientific evidence to support them, such as pre-exercise stretching, strengthening calf muscles, avoiding over-training, adjustment of running mechanics, and selection of footwear.

[2] Symptoms can vary from an ache or pain and swelling in the local area of one or both ankles, or a burning that surrounds the whole joint.

[7] Achilles tendinitis is a common injury, particularly in sports that involve lunging and jumping, occurs both laterally and bilaterally, and is often induced in a single ankle by trauma.

The Achilles tendon has a generally poor blood supply throughout its length, as measured by the number of vessels per cross-sectional area.

[11] During the loading phase of the running and walking cycle, the ankle and foot naturally pronate and supinate by approximately 5 degrees.

[16] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can determine the extent of tendon degeneration, and may show differential diagnoses such as bursitis.

[16] Performing consistent physical activity will improve the elasticity and strength of the tendon, which will assist in resisting the forces that are applied.

[19] Eccentric strengthening exercises of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are utilized to improve the tensile strength of the tendon and lengthen the musculotendinous junction, decreasing the amount of strain experienced with ankle joint movements.

[20] This eccentric training method is especially important for individuals with chronic Achilles tendinosis which is classified as the degeneration of collagen fibers.

[29] Risk factors include participating in a sport or activity that involves running, jumping, bounding, and change of speed.

Although Achilles tendinitis is mostly likely to occur in runners, it also is more likely in participants in basketball, volleyball, dancing, gymnastics and other athletic activities.