Andrews plot

In data visualization, an Andrews plot or Andrews curve is a way to visualize structure in high-dimensional data.

It is basically a rolled-down, non-integer version of the Kent–Kiviat radar m chart, or a smoothed version of a parallel coordinate plot.

We can represent high-dimensional data with a number for each of their dimensions,

To visualize them, the Andrews plot defines a finite Fourier series: This function is then plotted for

Thus each data point may be viewed as a line between

These curves have been utilized in fields as different as biology, neurology, sociology and semiconductor manufacturing.

Some of their uses include the quality control of products, the detection of period and outliers in time series, the visualization of learning in artificial neural networks, and correspondence analysis.

The projection onto the circle results in the aforementioned radar chart.