History of Asia

Dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, between c. 9500 and 8000 BC, the site comprises a number of large circular structures supported by massive stone pillars – the world's oldest known megaliths.

The Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, ruled an area from Greece and Turkey to the Indus River and Central Asia during the 6th to 4th centuries BC.

Later, in Darius the Great's rule, the territories were integrated, a bureaucracy was developed, nobility were assigned military positions, tax collection was carefully organized, and spies were used to ensure the loyalty of regional officials.

The religion banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants in rituals; and introduced the concept of spiritual salvation through personal moral action, an end time, and both general and Particular judgment with a heaven or hell.

The Persian Empire was successful in establishing peace and stability throughout the Middle East and were a major influence in art, politics (affecting Hellenistic leaders), and religion.

The Maurya and Gupta empires are called the Golden Age of India and were marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, art, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Indian culture.

It was one of the world's largest empires in its time, stretching to the Himalayas in the north, what is now Assam in the east, probably beyond modern Pakistan in the west, and annexing Balochistan and much of what is now Afghanistan, at its greatest extent.

[11] Further reforms included new irrigation projects, the encouragement of silk manufacturing,[11] and (most famously) the beginning of the construction of the Great Wall of China—designed to keep out the nomadic raiders who'd constantly badger the Chinese people.

Marco Polo was not the first Westerner to travel to the Orient and return with amazing stories of this different culture, but his accounts published in the late 13th and early 14th centuries were the first to be widely read throughout Europe.

Muslims saved and spread Greek advances in medicine, algebra, geometry, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics that would later find their way back to Western Europe.

During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.

The Vijayanagara Empire based in the Deccan Plateau region of South India, was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, patronized by saint Vidyaranya, the 12th Shankaracharya of Sringeri in Karnataka.

271–272  Greatly supporting the spread of Buddhism was Empress Wu, who additionally claimed an unofficial "Zhou dynasty" and displayed China's tolerance of a woman ruler, which was rare at the time.

However, in the wake of the 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic, Buddhism gained the status of state religion and the government ordered the construction of numerous Buddhist temples, monasteries, and statues.

The imperial government's loss of control in the second half of the Heian period allowed banditry to grow, requiring both feudal lords and Buddhist monasteries to procure warriors for protection.

The Khmer Empire effectively dominated all Mainland Southeast Asia from the early 9th until the 15th century, during which time they developed a sophisticated monumental architecture of most exquisite expression and mastery of composition at Angkor.

Archaeological findings from 1965, which are still under research, show the remains of two hominins closely related to the Sinanthropus, dating as far back as the Middle Pleistocene era, roughly half a million years ago.

The need to have a single authority to prevent floods of the Red River, to cooperate in constructing hydraulic systems, trade exchange, and to repel invaders, led to the creation of the first legendary Vietnamese states approximately 2879 BC.

The rebellion was however defeated, but as the Han dynasty began to weaken by late 2nd century and China (中国) started to descend into state of turmoil, the indigenous peoples of Vietnam rose again and some became free.

During these 1,000 years there were many uprisings against Chinese domination, and at certain periods Vietnam was independently governed under the Trưng Sisters, Early Lý, Khúc and Dương Đình Nghệ—although their triumphs and reigns were temporary.

At various points during the imperial dynasties, Vietnam was ravaged and divided by civil wars and witnessed interventions by the Song, Yuan, Cham, Ming, Siamese, Qing, French, and Empire of Japan.

Japan invaded in 1940, creating deep resentment that fuelled resistance to post-World War II military-political efforts by the returning power of France, and the United States who had viewed themselves as fighters for liberty and democracy against the red waves of communism.

The fine arts grew in the Ming era, with improved techniques in brush painting that depicted scenes of court, city or country life; people such as scholars or travelers; or the beauty of mountains, lakes, or marshes.

By the 1580s, Jesuit scholars like Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall amazed the Chinese elite with technological advances such as European clocks, improved calendars and cannons, and the accurate prediction of eclipses.[22]: p.

The Manchu were an already large state north of China, when in the early 17th century a local leader named Nurhaci suddenly united them under the Eight Banners—armies that the opposing families were organized into.

All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results.

The emperor had no choice but to sue for peace, resulting in the exile of Lin and the making of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the British control of Hong Kong and opened up trade and diplomacy with other European countries, including Germany, France, and the USA.

The European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the early 20th century, such as British India, French Indochina, Spanish East Indies, and Portuguese Macau and Goa.

During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO.

[43][44][45] Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations anywhere in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively).

Detail of Chinese silk from the 4th century BCE. The characteristic trade of silk through the Silk Road connected various regions from China, India, Central Asia, and the Middle East to Europe and Africa.
Some henges at Göbekli Tepe in Turkey were erected as far back as 9600 BC , predating those of Stonehenge , by over seven millennia. [ 1 ]
Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the Late Bronze Age collapse , beginning c. 1200 BC
The First Persian Empire at its greatest extent, c. 500 BC
Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia .
Population concentration and boundaries of the Western Zhou dynasty in China
The Silk Road in Asia
The Han dynasty and main polities in Asia c. 200 BC
Byzantine and Sassanian Empires in 600 AD
The early Muslim conquests , 622–750
The Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century
The Song dynasty and main polities in Asia c. 1200
Battle of Talas between Tang dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate c. 751
Daily life of people from the Song period at the capital, Bianjing, today's Kaifeng
Map of Marco Polo's travels
Sculpture of Prince Shōtoku
Machiya in Heian period
Korean peninsula in 476 AD. There are three kingdoms and Gaya Union in the picture. This picture shows the heyday of Goguryeo
Balhae in the north, Later Silla in the south
the Goryeo ware , which shows splendid culture of Goryeo in mediaeval Korea.
The Hindu-Buddhist temple of Angkor Wat .
Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến , 1069–1757 ).
Đại Việt , Champa , Angkor Empire and their neighbours, late 13th century
A 1796 map of Asia (or the " Eastern world "), which also included the continent of Australia (then known as New Holland ) within its realm.
A view of the Fort St George in 18th-century Madras .
Here a Jesuit, Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666), is dressed as an official of the Chinese Department of Astronomy.
Dutch Batavia in the 17th century, built in what is now North Jakarta
The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire
Gyeonghoeru of Gyeongbokgung , the Joseon dynasty's royal palace.
The Great Wave off Kanagawa , c. 1830 by Hokusai , an example of art flourishing in the Edo Period
The Mughal ambassador Khan’Alam in 1618 negotiating with Shah Abbas the Great of Iran .
Robert Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey , 1757 by Francis Hayman
Political cartoon depicting the Afghan Emir Sher Ali with the rival "friends" the Russian Bear and British Lion (1878)
The Qing Empire in 1832.
British troops taking Zhenjiang from Qing troops
Political map of Asia in 1860
Gojong (1852–1919), the 26th king of Joseon dynasty and the first emperor of Korean Empire .
Deoksugung , the palace where Emperor Gojong established Korean Empire .
Map of Asia for early 20th century
Britain's holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming five new independent states: India , Burma , Ceylon , Sikkim , and Pakistan (including East Bengal , from 1971 Bangladesh ).
The third Inter-Korean Summit, which was held in 2018, between South Korean president Moon Jae-in and North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un . It was a historical event that symbolized the peace of Asia.