A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products.
Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer[1]) to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices, manufacture of monoclonal antibodies to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials (momentum, heat transfer, etc.).
Aside from technology challenges, concerning the scalability of culture apparatus, a number of raw material supply risks have emerged in recent years[when?
], including the availability of GMP grade fetal bovine serum[citation needed].
When they reach the desired density (for batch and fed-batch cultures) they are harvested and moved to the downstream section of the bioprocess.