Bone morphogenetic protein
[5] Recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs) are used in orthopedic applications such as spinal fusions, nonunions, and oral surgery.
A 2022 study by researchers from the Mayo Clinic, Maastricht University, and Ethris GmBH, a biotech company that focuses on RNA therapeutics, found that chemically modified mRNA encoding BMP-2 promoted dosage-dependent healing of femoral osteotomies in male rats.
The mRNA molecules were complexed within nonviral lipid particles, loaded onto sponges, and surgically implanted into the bone defects.
Compared to receiving rhBMP-2 directly, bony tissues regenerated after mRNA treatment displayed superior strength and less formation of massive callus.
[11] While rhBMPs are approved for specific applications (spinal lumbar fusions with an anterior approach and tibia nonunions), up to 85% of all BMP usage is off-label.
[11] In 2008 it was approved to repair posterolateral lumbar pseudarthrosis, open tibia shaft fractures with intramedullary nail fixation.
[6] There is "little debate or controversy" about the effectiveness of rhBMP-2 to grow bone to achieve spinal fusions,[6] and Medtronic generates $700 million in annual sales from their product.
Additionally, secretion of BMPs by the roof plate in the developing spinal cord helps to specify dorsal sensory interneurons.
[15] Moreover, BMP signaling is involved in the formation of foregut and hindgut,[16] intestinal villus patterning, and endocardial differentiation.
Villi contribute to increase the effective absorption of nutrients by extending the surface area in small intestine.
Gain or lose function of BMP signaling altered the patterning of clusters and emergence of villi in mouse intestinal model.
Inhibited BMP signal in zebrafish embryonic model caused strong reduction of endocardial differentiation, but only had little effect in myocardial development.
[21] BMP4 favors white adipogenesis, whereas BMP7 activates brown fat functionality; BMP inhibitors are also involved in this regulation [21] Originally, seven such proteins were discovered.
To overcome this hurdle, Hari Reddi and Kuber Sampath used dissociative extractants, such as 4M guanidine HCL, 8M urea, or 1% SDS.
This work suggested that the optimal osteogenic activity requires a synergy between soluble extract and the insoluble collagenous substratum.
It not only represented a significant advance toward the final purification of bone morphogenetic proteins by the Reddi laboratory,[31][32] but ultimately also enabled the cloning of BMPs by John Wozney and colleagues at Genetics Institute.
[38] It has since been revealed that potential complications can arise from the use including implant displacement, subsidence, infection, urogenital events, and retrograde ejaculation.
Reoperation rates were also very similar, even after stratifying by previous surgery or surgical complexity, and after adjusting for demographic and clinical features.
