[3] The most widely cited evidence for this group is a body of placename glosses in the Samguk sagi (1154), which some authors take to represent the language of Goguryeo, but others believe reflect a mix of languages spoken by peoples conquered by Goguryeo.

[6][7][8] The same chapter of the Records of the Three Kingdoms transcribes a Buyeo word for noblemen subordinate only to the king as 加.

[9] This character was pronounced kai in Eastern Han Chinese.

[10] Beckwith identified this word with a Samguk sagi gloss 皆/皆次 (pronounced kɛj/kɛjtshijH in Middle Chinese, kay/kaycha in Sino-Korean) for 'king', and the Baekje language word for 'ruler' transcribed in the Nihon Shoki as Old Japanese ki1si.

[11] Works cited This article about a Koreanic language or related topic is a stub.