This area was initially developed for plantation agriculture, based on large gangs of slave workers.

After the Reconstruction era, there was increasing white violence against blacks as the minority attempted to assert dominance over the freedmen.

In 1891 the Democratic-dominated state legislature had passed laws to make voter registration more difficult for illiterate people both black and white, which effectively disenfranchised many of the poorer residents.

Whites resented that freedmen would work for lower wages, even if they knew the latter men seldom had a choice.

Whitecappers, also called night riders, were poor white farmers and workers who acted as vigilantes, attacking various residents to enforce their moral views.

Newspapers printed rumors of armed blacks planning attacks against whites, as was typical in tense times, inflaming existing tensions.

Some newspapers reported that a white man named Unsill, an ex-convict Republican, led 42 armed blacks to the polls, "where they demanded to vote.

[4] Due to such violence, social oppression, economic problems, and mechanization of agriculture, many African Americans and whites left the county in the first half of the 20th century.

There are 40 acres of timber that have never been cut along the Wolf Branch (a tributary of Moro Creek) in southeast Calhoun County.

Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries.

However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions").

Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications.