[1][2] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D-dimer (DD).
[1][2] Coagulation activation markers, particularly D-dimer, are useful in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism.
[4][5][6] Levels of coagulation activation markers are increased with pregnancy,[7] with estrogen-containing birth control pills,[8] with menopausal hormone therapy,[9][6] and with high-dose parenteral estradiol therapy for prostate cancer.
[10][11][12] Transdermal estradiol appears to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than oral estrogens in menopausal hormone therapy.
[9] Birth control pills containing estradiol or estetrol also appear to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than ethinylestradiol-containing birth control pills.