The 1918 Ekaterinoslav uprising (Ukrainian: Катеринославське збройне повстання) was a Bolshevik-led uprising in Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro) on 9–11 January 1918 that later was supported by Red Guards of the Soviet expeditionary group under the command of Pavel Yegorov, and grew into an open intervention into Ukrainian internal affairs and the war against the Central Council of Ukraine.

[1] One important aspect of the uprising was the bolshevization of the Ekaterinoslav Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (November 1917), as well as the creation of a military revolutionary headquarters headed by Vasiliy Averin.

Soon after the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kharkiv on 25 December, the Russian expeditionary group split with Antonov and continued on to Don, while his chief of staff Muravyov took charge with military operations in Ukraine.

At night local Red Guards stole the car stationed at the Brayanka factory yard and the next day, the city administration requested the vehicle to be returned before 14:00.

The insurgents were supported by the Moscow and Petrograd Red Guard forces of Pavel Yegorov, who arrived from Synelnykove.