Elliptical trainer

An elliptical trainer or cross-trainer is a stationary exercise machine used to stair climb, walk, or run without causing excessive pressure to the joints, hence decreasing the risk of impact injuries.

Elliptical trainers offer a non-impact cardiovascular workout that can vary from light to high intensity based on the speed of the exercise and the resistance preference set by the user.

[3] In 1995, Precor introduced the Elliptical Fitness Crosstrainer (EFX),[4] the first piece of exercise equipment to allow the foot to roll from heel to toe just like in running.

[citation needed] This approach is classified as "low impact" as it keeps a person's heels in contact with the pedals, reducing muscle and tendon stress.

Some elliptical trainers even enable exercisers to use preset programs to automatically vary incline, resistance, and stride length over the course of a workout.

Better models of elliptical trainers offer a more balanced – or even harmonious – combination of arm and leg exercise in useful, proper ratios.

Some manufacturers produce durable commercial models made to withstand frequent use in a fitness club environment, at prices that can be in excess of $4,000.

A 2002 study by the University of Idaho[9] shows that varying the stride length on the elliptical trainer can activate a wider range of muscle groups.

While procedures differ slightly between models, most follow a similar approach: the user stands comfortably with a straight back, aligning knees, hips, and ankles, and distributing weight evenly between the heels and the balls of the feet.