[7][8] Exposure to endrin can occur by inhalation, ingestion of substances containing the compound, or skin contact.

[9] Although endrin is not currently classified as a mutagen,[5] nor as a human carcinogen, it is still a toxic chemical in other ways with detrimental effects.

[5] Taiwan reported to show higher levels of organochlorine pesticides including endrin in soil samples of paddy fields, compared to other Asian countries such as Thailand and Vietnam.

The convention requires the participating parties to take measures to eliminate or restrict the production of POPs.

[8] Endrin was formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (ECs), wettable powders (WPs), granules, field strength dusts (FSDs), and pastes.

[14] Endrin has been used primarily as an agricultural insecticide on tobacco, apple trees, cotton, sugar cane, rice, cereal, and grains.

[15] It is effective against a variety of species, including cotton bollworms, corn borers, cut worms and grass hoppers.

[17] A study conducted from 1981 to 1983 in the US aimed to determine endrin's effects on non-target organisms when applied as a rodenticide in orchards.

[8] Exposure to endrin can occur by inhalation, ingestion of substances containing the compound, or by skin contact.

[13] Symptoms of endrin poisoning include headache, dizziness, nervousness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions.

[9] People occupationally exposed to endrin may experience abnormal EEG readings even if they exhibit none of the clinical symptoms, possibly due to injury to the brain stem.

[7] Though endrin exposure has not been found to adversely affect fertility in mammals, an increase in fetal mortality has been observed in mice, rats, and mallard ducks.

In those animals that have survived gestation, developmental abnormalities have been observed, particularly in rodents whose mothers were exposed to endrin early in pregnancy.

In hamsters, the number of cases of fused ribs, cleft palate, open eyes, webbed feet, and meningoencephaloceles have increased.

): 1017 Sampler/Sampling media: 0.8 μm Cellulose ester membrane + Chromosorb 102, (100/50 mg) [SKC 225-5 & SKC 226-107] Sampling volume (TWA)*: 12-400 L Sampling flow rate (TWA)*: 0.5-1 L/min Analytical method instruments: GC-ECD[22] From July 14 to September 26, 1984, an outbreak of endrin poisoning occurred in 21 villages in and around Talagang, a subdistrict of the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Poisoned individuals had seizures along with vomiting, pulmonary congestion, and hypoxia, leaving 19 people dead.

[23] Based on the demographics of the affected individuals and their area of residence, the outbreak was likely caused by endrin contamination of food.

[25] A definitive detection of the residues was not possible until 1971 when mass spectrometer started being used as a detector in gas chromatography.

[29] In anaerobic conditions microbial degradation by fungi and bacteria takes place to form the same major end product.

Baldwin M K identified two hydroxylated metabolites in the faeces of rats fed a diet containing 4 parts per million of endrin.

What is found is the ketone, probably produced by metabolism of the alcohol derived from the methylene group.

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) lists reductive dechlorination and incineration for field disposal of small quantities of endrin.

[31] Even though endrin binds very strongly to soil, phytoremediation has been proposed by group of Japanese scientists using crops in the family Cucurbitaceae.

[11] The Central Competent Authorities of Taiwan sets the limit of 20 mg/kg for soil pollution control.