Grumentum (Ancient Greek: Γρούμεντον) was an ancient Roman city in the centre of Lucania, in what is now the comune of Grumento Nova, c. 50 km (31 mi) south of Potenza by the direct road through Anxia, and 80 km (50 mi) by the Via Herculia [it], at the point of divergence of a road eastward to Heraclea.

The position was chosen to control important routes (one of which became the via Herculia in the late 200s AD) between Venusia and Heraclea and another road led to the Via Popilia on the Tyrrhenian side.

[1] In the Social War it was a strong fortress, and seems to have been held by both sides at different times but was sacked by Italic tribes.

Due to the Saracen inroads (9th–10th centuries), in 954 a new town (Saponara or Saponaria, the modern Grumento Nova) was founded.

Inscriptions record the repair of its town walls and the construction of thermae (of which remains were found) in 57–51 BC, the construction in 43 BC, of a portico, remains of which may be seen along an ancient road, at right angles to the main road, which traversed Grumentum from south to north.