Kawajima is located in the Arakawa River drainage basis in central Saitama Prefecture.

Saitama Prefecture Kawajima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.

Kawajima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members.

Kawajima, together with the city of Higashimatsuyama and the town of Yoshimi, contributes two members to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly.

In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.