Matsubushi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.

The area of Matsubushi was part of Shimōsa Province prior to the Meiji period, and was transferred to the newly created Saitama Prefecture in 1871.

The village of Matsubushiryo was created within Kitakatsushika District, Saitama with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889.

Matsubushi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 15 members.

In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 14th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.