[1] In theory, once free of the demands of military procurement, manufacturers could spend capacity on consumer goods and other products to enhance civil society.
[2] Furthermore, this "bottom up" approach left it to individual manufacturers to determine how to spend capacity, without taking into account broader market forces.
[2] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian government reforms from 1992 onwards exacerbated the situation by privatising large chunks of the defence industry without addressing these gaps in decision-making.
[6] Many of the newly privatised suffered because the loss of historical income impacted their ability to cover fixed costs, particularly wages.
[2] Notably, financial-industrial groups (финансово-промышленные группы — finansovo-promyshlennye gruppy) spontaneously arose within various industries which were able to help fill the void in manufacturing strategy left by the absence of central planning.