[6][failed verification] From the 1930s to 1945, the Japanese imperialists proclaimed the idea of "national liberation" (民族解放, minzu jiefang) and "national self-determination" (民族自決, minzu zijue) to encourage the separation of Northeast China and North China from the rest of the country.
[7][failed verification] During the Taiwan under Japanese rule, Xie Xuehong supported "Taiwan independence" (rather than pan-Chinese nationalism) by organizing the Taiwanese Communist Party in Shanghai.
[8] In the 1950s, Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League leader Xie supported Taiwanese self-determination than radical Chinese reunification, which led to her being denounced as a "local [ethnic] nationalist" by Mao Zedong and his supporters during the Anti-Rightist Campaign.
[10] Hong Kong nationalism recognizes Hongkongers as individual minzu as distinct from "Chinese nation/ethnicity".
The term minzu (民族) may mean "ethnic group" depending on the context, but may also mean "nation" in a broad sense.