Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (/ˈmælɪsiːt ˌpæsəməˈkwɒdiː/ MAL-ih-seet PAS-ə-mə-KWOD-ee; skicinuwatuwewakon or skicinuwi-latuwewakon) is an endangered Algonquian language spoken by the Wolastoqey and Passamaquoddy peoples along both sides of the border between Maine in the United States and New Brunswick, Canada.
The language consists of two major dialects: Maliseet, which is mainly spoken in the Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick; and Passamaquoddy, spoken mostly in the St. Croix River Valley of eastern Maine.
The indigenous people widely spoke Maliseet-Passamaquoddy in these areas until around the post-World War II era when changes in the education system and increased marriage outside of the speech community caused a large decrease in the number of children who learned or regularly used the language.
The bold letters are the spelling in the standard orthography, and the symbols between the slashes give the respective IPA pronunciation: Additionally, the standard orthography uses an apostrophe (') to represent word-initial consonants that are no longer pronounced due to historical sound changes.
Maliseet has a similar approach, but the finer details of the stress assignment rules are different.
[5] Maliseet has similar pitch assignments, but again, differs from Passamaquoddy in ways that serve to distinguish the two dialects.
Like other Algonquian languages, Maliseet-Passamaquoddy is polysynthetic, often combining many morphemes into one-word unit.
It is also fairly agglutinative, with many morphemes generally corresponding to a single unit of meaning.
The easiest way to distinguish animate and inanimate nouns is by their plural forms.
The Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal includes a chart showing all the possible declensions of nouns in various forms.
One of the most interesting features is the pronoun that functions similarly to English uh... or er..., but which is inflected to match the anticipated word.
Compare the bolded pronoun in: to: Verbs are built from word stems, which consist of one or more roots.
The person hierarchy lays out which word is considered more salient or takes precedence over another form.
If the subject is lower on the hierarchy than the object, the verb is conjugated in the inverse form.
Leavitt gives the following chart outlining the restrictions on how first- and second-person subject-object pairs can occur for transitive verbs: (R means that a form will be reflexive or reciprocal and intransitive; -- means a combination is not allowed.)
Complex and compound sentences with two or more verbs can be created in multiple ways, such as these: Today Maliseet-Passamaquoddy has a ranking of 7 on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS); a 7 corresponds to "Shifting: The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children.
In their first three years of work, they filmed over 50 hours of natural group conversation with 70 speakers, which led to eight DVDs in Maliseet-Passamaquoddy subtitled in English.
"[9] In addition to the film, the Language Keepers project—along with other linguists and community activists—has helped compile the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Dictionary.
Along with the various resources available online, recent revitalization efforts have included Maliseet-Passamaquoddy class teachings at the University of New Brunswick to increase inter-generational communication and transmission of knowledge and culture.
Jeremy Dutcher, a Canadian classical singer from the Tobique First Nation in New Brunswick, has recorded two albums of music sung partially or entirely in Wolastoqey, Wolastoqiyik Lintuwakonawa (2018) and Motewolonuwok (2023).