Nanofilm

These materials exhibit unique chemical and physical properties, largely influenced by quantum behavior and surface effects.

[1][2][3][4][5] Nanofilms are characterized using a range of instrumental techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM], X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.

[3] Various methods are employed to synthesize nanofilms, with the chosen technique directly influencing the physicochemical properties and therefore applications of the films.

Additionally, LBL offers an extensive choice of usable material for coating both planar and particulate substrates.Various molecules, including polymeric, organic, inorganic, and biomolecules, can be used to achieve desired functionalities.

[2][7] In this method, substrates are manually immersed in a solution of the desired composition, followed by washing and centrifugation to deposit layers.

While effective, immersive methods require large amounts of material, leading to waste management challenges in industrial use.

Compared to immersive LbL methods, spin coating offers rapid assembly and improved film organization.

[8] This technique employs electric or magnetic fields to deposit nanofilms onto substrates, resulting in densely packed films with greater thickness.

[8] Using pressure or vacuum-driven channels, this method enables nanofilm deposition on surfaces that are otherwise difficult to access, such as the interiors of capillaries.

Electrospinning enables the creation of ultrathin, high-porosity films and can be created using both synthetic and natural polymer materials.

[7][10] Atomic layer deposition (ADL) is a vapor-phase technique used to produce films with high conformality and precise thickness control.

The individual gas-surface reactions, or half-reaction, is followed by an inert gas purge to remove byproducts before the introduction of a counter-reactant.

ADL is versatile, enabling the deposition of a wide range of materials, including metals, insulators, and semiconductors in both crystalline and amorphous forms.

It is capable of depositing a wide range of materials such as metals, alloys, and organic compounds, making it suitable for diverse applications in the semiconductor industry, optics, photovoltaics, OLED displays, and sensors.

The nanofilm is capable of destroying pathogens without the use of antibiotic or other biochemical agents, instead they act through disruption of the cell wall.

Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors are capable of generating thermal energy and electricity and offer significantly higher overall efficiency compared to independent photovoltaic panels.

The mechanisms underlying their toxic effects remain poorly understood due to variations in experimental conditions, such as nanoparticle concentration and structuring methods.

Figure 1: Overview of the five principal LbL assembly methods, highlighting substrate types, layer materials, and final layer structure.
Figure 2: Comparison of immersive and spin LbL assembly methods. As shown above, the immersive technique produces a rough, interpenetrated film, while the spin method yields a smooth, stratified film.
Figure 3: Image illustrating the electrospinning technique along with its adjustable parameters: solution composition, needle configuration, and collector variables.
Figure 4: Graphic representation of layer-by-layer assembly for biosensors and molecule delivery.
Figure 5: The image shows the structure of a carbon nanotube.
Figure 6: Schematic representation of the basic structure of a nanofilm-based PV-T collector.