[5] Nitrofurazone is listed under California Prop 65, and has demonstrated clear evidence to be mutagenic and carcinogenic during animal studies, and has been discontinued for human use in the USA.

[1][14] The mechanism of action is not fully understood, but nitrofurazone's antimicrobial properties are suspected to be due to the interference of DNA synthesis in the microorganism by inhibiting certain enzymes that are involved with glycolysis.

[1] Adverse effects for topical use are generally mild and include, erythema, pruritus, dermatitis, rash, edema or inflammation.

[1][2] People with chronic kidney disease and large total body surface area (TBSA) burns should not use nitrofurazone, as topical preparations commonly contain polyethylene glycol, which is readily absorbed through the skin.

Rapid absorption of the medication induces increased serum osmolalities and anion gap, leading to death.