Nuclear gene

In evolutionary timescales, the continuous entry of organelle DNA into the nucleus has provided novel nuclear genes.

[6][7][8] Eukaryotic genomes have distinct higher-order chromatin structures that are closely packaged functional relates to gene expression.

[9] Active genes, for instance, might migrate from chromosomal regions and concentrate into subnuclear foci known as transcription factories.

In various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle, MDH1 is a protein-coding gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the NAD/NADH-dependent, reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate.

This gene codes for the cytosolic isozyme, which is involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which allows malate to cross past the mitochondrial membrane and be converted to oxaloacetate to perform further cellular functions.

The second nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-2) is necessary for the production of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COXIV) and Vb (COXVb) to be maximized.

Though both nuclear genes and those within endosymbiotic organelles provide the genetic makeup of an organism, there are distinct features that can be better observed when looking at one compared to the other.

Nonetheless, they are essential for resolving close species relationships and understanding plant phylogenetic studies.

While using low-copy nuclear genes requires additional lab work, advances in sequencing and cloning techniques have made it more accessible.