Next to that, PFDA has also been found in nano-and impregnation-sprays, outdoor textiles, gloves, ski wax, leather, cosmetics, medical equipment and paper-based food containers.

[11] Perfluorodecanoic acid is a chemically inert due to relatively high organic bond strength and fluorine's electron negativity, which makes it resistant to advanced oxidation processes.

[12] It is also resistant to hydrolysis and has thermal and photochemical stability unless certain reaction conditions are introduced, e.g., PFDA can be decomposed in hot water in the presence of S2O82-.

The second step of the reaction is hydrolysis (addition of NaOH) to obtain the final products:[14] The second main synthesis road for perfluorodecanoic acid used commercially is telomerization.

[16] A study looked at the harmful effects of PFDA on the antioxidative defense system in erythrocytes (red blood cells).

Their results indicated that PFDA could influence the contents and activity of the biomolecules: GSH, MDA, SOD, CAT and GPx.

[citation needed] The EPA has issued a lifetime health advisory for PFDA in drinking water of 70 parts per trillion (ppt).

[citation needed] Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a chemical of significant concern due to its classification as a Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) substance.

The substance is known to cause a range of acute symptoms as side effects such as a burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing, which require immediate medical attention.

[28] A single dose of 5mg/kg of PFDA is enough to cause these symptoms in rodents, as well as harm to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatic cells as well as abnormal mitochondria.

Except for its effect on the liver and thyroid gland, one study on pigs has shown that this chemical may prevent fertilization by causing oocyte death.

[29] Another study on fish has found that PFDA alters the production of sex hormones and thus leads to endocrine disturbance.

[30] Research has shown that PFDA inhibits peroxisomal β-oxidation, a crucial metabolic process for energy production from fatty acids and is associated with DNA damage.

Studies have linked PFDA exposure to exacerbated adiposity and hepatic lipid accumulation, especially when combined with a high-fat diet, indicating a risk factor for liver problems.

[32] One important antioxidant molecule in the liver that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals is glutathione (GSH).

[33] Furthermore, exposure to PFDA has been associated with miscarriage,[34] liver damage, inflammation, and various negative effects on the heart, thyroid, and reproductive systems.

[36] In gastric cells, PFDA has been found to increase the production of pro-inflammatory molecules IL-1β and IL-18, suggesting a role in stomach inflammation.