"to [make] bitter") is a Filipino-Ilocano stew made with goat meat and offal and flavored with its bile, chyme, or cud (also known as papait).

[16] One researcher has suggested that the consumption of pinapaitan may be an underlying display of machismo, not dissimilar to extreme chili-eating competitions.

Nevertheless, the consumption of bitter foods including bile is said to trigger the body's innate immunity, thus supporting disease prevention and promoting health.

[17] It has no relation to the similar sounding dish named paitan (白湯), a common soup for Japanese ramen.

Pinapaitan has been a staple of Ilocano cuisine for hundreds of years, and it remains a popular comfort food to this day.

"surprised") or ginulat is a similar Ilocano stir-fried dish using goat meat or beef, which is mixed with papait.

Niu bie tang is a soup made by the Dong ethnic group in the Guizhou Province of China.

[22] Further afield in Italy, chyme from unweaned calves furnishes the sauce for a Roman dish called pajata.