Romania competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events).

44 competitors, 33 men and 11 women, took part in 35 events in 10 sports.

Three male pentathletes represented Romania in 1956.

In the 25 m pistol event Ștefan Petrescu won gold and Gheorghe Lichiardopol won bronze.

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