The Soviet Union (USSR) competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.

272 competitors, 233 men and 39 women, took part in 135 events in 17 sports.

The Soviet pentathletes won gold in the team event.

The Soviet Union had 25 male rowers participate in seven rowing events in 1956.

[2] Eleven shooters represented the Soviet Union in 1956.