Surface anatomy

In addition, the science of surface anatomy includes the theories and systems of body proportions and related artistic canons.

[citation needed] The study of surface anatomy is the basis for depicting the human body in classical art.

Knowledge of the surface anatomy of the thorax (chest) is particularly important because it is one of the areas most frequently subjected to physical examination, like auscultation and percussion.

[4] In cardiology, Erb's point refers to the third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 heart sound is best auscultated.

[7] Human female breasts are located on the chest wall, most frequently between the second and sixth rib.

Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk , using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy.
Front of thorax , showing surface relations of bones , lungs (purple), pleura (blue), and heart (red outline). Heart valves are labeled with "B", "T", "A", and "P".

First heart sound: caused by atrioventricular valves - Bicuspid/Mitral (B) and Tricuspid (T).

Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves -- Aortic (A) and Pulmonary/Pulmonic (P).