Tetrapeptide

[5] The HDAC active site, also known as histone deacetylase, are isozymes that modulate numerous regulatory signals and pathways within biological systems.

The tetra-peptide tuftsin (Thr–Lys–Pro–Arg), has been reported to affect a wide variety of biological responses in neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes and also phagocytosis.

[5] Tentoxin is most commonly known as a naturally occurring phytotoxic cyclic tetra-peptide that is excreted by fungi of the Alternaria alternata family.

[7] In order to understand more about the mechanisms that are utilized to regulate the activation of caspases, a study was conducted to identify the conditions that would potentially lead to as complete and synchronous an induction of apoptosis as possible using a tetrapeptide inhibitor.

[9] Anisomycin is a translational inhibitor that is secreted by Streptomyces spp., it strongly activates the stress-activated mitogen-activate protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38/RK in mammalian cells.

[12] If they are able to develop a peptide hydrogel as a vaccine adjuvant that contains a well-defined molecular structure and a very simple formulation mode, it would be very promising.

In a prior study, it has been found that the fungal product, Trapoxin, can induce morphological reversion from transformed to normal in sis-transformed NIH3T3 fibroblasts.

Vitro experiments were conducted, and it was found that a low concentration of trapoxin could irreversibly inhibit deacetylation of acetylated histone molecules.

The study reported that this could be due to the chemical reduction of an epoxide group, that is in trapoxin, completely abolishing the inhibitory activity.