Brazil competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events).

44 competitors, 43 men and one woman took part in 28 events in 11 sports.

The only Brazilian medal was the gold won by Adhemar Ferreira da Silva in men's triple jump.

Three male pentathletes represented Brazil in 1956.

Brazil had five male rowers participate in one out of seven rowing events in 1956.