Brown ocean effect

[2] One source of the brown ocean effect has been identified as the large amount of latent heat that can be released from extremely wet soils.

Finally, evaporation of the soil moisture releases latent heat, which the team found must measure at least 70 watts averaged per square meter.

[7] Andersen and Shepherd are also examining the effects of climate change on TCMIs, looking into the potential intensification of these storms due to increase or decrease in the degree of wetness and dryness in areas susceptible to these systems.

[6] In the North Indian Ocean, countless cases of brown ocean-type tropical depressions forming over the subcontinent of India have been reported.

Amelia slightly strengthened over land before weakening and fizzling out, however it maintained strength and even came as close as developing an eye like feature, as well as having bursts of convection.

Due to the brown ocean effect, it remained a tropical depression and it held its intensity and structure for two more days as it traversed inland, where it finally dissipated near Flint, Michigan.

"[6] Tropical Storm Fay upon landfall over the Florida mainland strengthened to near hurricane strength and briefly forming an eye-like feature before weakening.

[8] Another possible case is Tropical Storm Bill of 2015, when saturated soil conditions from the 2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak sustained the system for a longer period of time.

Shortly after making landfall over Western Australia, Kelvin developed a clear eye and continued strengthening despite moving over the Great Sandy Desert, where most tropical cyclones rapidly weaken.

Before Tropical Storm Bill made landfall over Texas, eastern Texas experienced several days of rain that began flooding areas to the south east and northern parts of the state. As Tropical Storm Bill moved northward through Texas, it is hypothesized that it fed off the highly saturated ground (as if it were still over the ocean) and can be seen slightly intensifying (via winds) as it moved into Oklahoma and progressed to the northeast.