Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

Other traditional uses include using the timber for making small canoes and carvings; the sap for varnish and resins; the nut shells for ornamentation (most notably as leis), fish-hooks, toys, and the production of black dyes; the bark for medicine and fiber; and so on.

Modern cognates include Sundanese, Javanese, Malay, Balinese, and Cebuano nangka; Tagalog, Pangasinan, Bikol and Ilocano langka; Chamorro lanka or nanka; Kelabit nakan; Wolio nangke; Ibaloi dangka; and Lun Dayeh laka.

Some populations have gone recently extinct after they stopped being cultivated, like in the Cook Islands and Mangareva, although accounts and prepared barkcloth and herbarium specimens of them exist in museum collections gathered by Europeans during the Colonial Period.

Numerous archaeological remains of barkcloth beaters in southern China has been regarded as evidence that the pre-Taiwan Austronesian homelands were located in the region prior to the southward expansion of the Han Dynasty, particularly around the Pearl River Delta.

It is notable for its ability to grow to massive sizes in sandy or rocky beaches of island and coastal habitats, as well as its habit of sending out arching large trunks over the water where its seeds are dispersed via the currents.

[49] The reconstructed Proto-Austronesian word for mastwood is *bitaquR, with modern cognates including Ilocano bittáug; Ifugao bitául; Bikol, Cebuano, Maranao, Mansaka and Manobo bitáʻog or bitaʻug; Nias bito; Palauan btáʻəs; Wetan witora; and Asilulu hataul.

[17] The Western Malayo-Polynesian words for mastwood is derived from the doublet Proto-Austronesian *bintaŋuR, with cognates including Iban, Malay and Toba Batak bintangur or bentangur; Tontemboan wintangor; and Malagasy vintáno.

[17] In Proto-Oceanic, the reconstructed word is pitaquR, with cognates including Nauna pitɨ; Loniu pitow; Nali pirow; Seimat hita; Aua piʻaw; Pohnpeian isou; Rotuman hefau; Fijian vetau, Tongan fetaʻu; Niue, Samoan, and Tuvaluan fetau; Nukuoro hedau; and Rennellese hetaʻu.

The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios.

Modern cognates include Tagalog niyog; Chamorro niyok; Malay nyiur or nyior; Tetum nuu; Drehu nu; Gilbertese nii; Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, Fijian, and Rapa Nui niu; and Malagasy nio.

The size and nutrition of Job's tears set it apart from other long-used ancient grains native to this area of Asia, and the well established and recorded use in culinary practices indicate a history at least proportional to that of millet and rice.

It is believed that they were domesticated independently multiple times, with authors giving possible locations as New Guinea, Mainland Southeast Asia, and northeastern India, based largely on the assumed native range of the wild plants.

[17][88][89] In Polynesian languages, the cognates include Motu, Marovo, Tongan, Samoan, Niue, Futunan, Tuvaluan talo; Kwaio, Lau (Malaita), and Toqabaqita alo; 'Āre'āre, Arosi, and Bauro aro; Nakanamanga na-tale; Sye tal or nal; Fijian and Nukuoro dalo; Rennellese tago; Anuta, Rarotongan, and Māori taro; and Hawaiian kalo.

Cognates include Malagasy síly; Palauan sis; Ere and Kuruti siy; Araki jihi; Arosi diri; Chuukese tii-n; Wuvulu si or ti; Tongan sī; Samoan, Tahitian, and Māori tī; and Hawaiian kī.

Modern cognates include Yami uvi; Itbayaten ovi; Bontoc and Hanunó'o ʻúbi; Ilocano, Tagalog, Cebuano, Pangasinan, Aklanon, Itneg, and Itawis úbi or úbe; Kalamian Tagbanwa kubi; Maranao obi; Tiruray ʻubi; Manobo uvi; Kenyah, Malay, Iban, Balinese, Sasak, Mongondow, and Toba Batak ubi; Javanese uwi; Kelabit ubih; Melanau ubey; Ngaju Dayak owi; Malagasy óvy; Tsat phai; Jarai hebey; Moken koboi; Sundanese huwi; Tontemboan, Bimanese, and Manggarai uwi; Ngadha uvi; Rotinese ufi; Erai uhi; Selaru uh or uhi-re; Watubela kuwi; Buruese ubi-t; Koiwai uf; Buli up; and Waropen uwi.

[144][17] Among Oceanic languages, cognates include Nauna kuh; Penchal kup; Leipon uh; Tolai up; Lakalai la-huvi; Gapapaiwa and Kilivila kuvi; Papapana na-uvi; Simbo, Bugotu, and Nggela, and Fijian uvi; Kwaio, Niue, and Samoan ufi; Sa'a, Arosi, Tuamotuan, Hawaiian and Rapa Nui uhi; Marquesan puauhi; Haununu a-uhi; Avava ''o-ovi; Rennellese ʻuhi; Tongan ʻufi; Anuta upi; Rarotongan uʻi; and Māori uwhi or uhi.

A term for lesser yam can be reconstructed in Proto-Philippine as *tugiq, but its cognates are limited to the island of Luzon, including Ivatan togi; Ilocano and Kankana-ey tugí; Bontoc and Ifugao tugi; and Tagalog tugiʻ.

It became Proto-Oceanic *ñoñu, with cognates including Nali non; Leipon and Wogeo ñoñ; Bipi ñoy; Gitua and Rarotongan nono; Gilbertese non; Motu, Tongan, Niue, Futunan, Samoan, Tuvaluan, Kapingamarangi, Nukuoro, and Anuta nonu; and Hawaiian noni (from which the English name is derived from).

Its cognates including Tagalog and Cebuano bangkúro; Agutaynen bangkoro; Tausug, Toba Batak, and Balinese bangkudu; Sundanese cangkudu; Sasak bengkudu; Mongondow bongkudu; and Malay mengkudu.

The other is Proto-Meso-Melanesian *siqa(r,R)(a), with cognates including Kara and Lihir sie; Tabar sia; Patpatar sier; Tolai ier; Nehan hiara; Petats sil; Teop hia(kuru); Tinputz (ta)sian; Banoni siɣana; and Marovo hirata.

[25][235][236] Modern cognates include Hoanya and Bunun sibus; Rukai cobosə or tibóso; Tagalog tubó; Chamorro tupu; Murik Kayan tebu; Malay tebu; Old Sundanese teuwu; Modern Sundanese tiwu; Ansus tobu; Malmariv tov; Fijian dovu; Mele-Fila and Takuu toro; Samoan tolo; Tagula ro; Pohnpeian cheu; Tahitian to; Pukapukan, Rarotongan, and Tongan tō; Hawaiian kō; and Rapa Nui to or ta.

Its cognates include Mussau kaviu; Seimat ahi, Lou keik; Maenge and Nakanai gaiva; Tami kapig; Yabem àing; Motu gavika; Bola kavika; Babatana kapika; Gela gaviga; Kwara'ae ʻafiʻo; Paamese ahie; Wayan, Niue, East Uvean, and Bauan kavika; Tongan fekika; Anutan kapika; Marquesan kehika; Mangarevan keʻika; Tahitian ʻahiʻa; Hawaiian ʻoohiaʻai; Rarotongan kaʻika; and Māori kahika.

Modern cognates include Itbayaten vayu; Ilocano bagó; Kankana-ey bágo; Chamorro pagu; Tagalog balibago; Cebuano malabago or maribago; Maranao bago; Ngaju Dayak baro; Malagasy baro or varo; Malay baru; Javanese, Rembong, and Kambera waru; Sangir and Soboyo bahu; Makasar baru; Erai hau; Leti paru; Paulohi haru; Buruese fahu; Gitua paru; Mailu waru; Mota var or varu; Sye nau or vau; Anejom n-hau; Fijian vau; Tongan and Samoan fau; Rotuman, Rennellese, and Hawaiian hau; and Māori whau.

Its cognates include Kapampangan and Balinese tamu; Tagalog támo; Visayan tamangyan; Bukidnon tamohilang; Bikol tamahilan or tamaylan; Malay, Javanese, and Sasak temu; Makasarese tammu; and Malagasy tamutamu.

Cognates include Ilocano, Agta, Isneg, Itawis, Kankana-ey, and Casiguran Dumagat layá; Bontoc, Ifugao and Kapampangan láya; Batad Ifugao lāya; Tagalog luya; Bikol láʻya; Visayan luyʻa; Tboli leʻiye; Kadazan Dusun hazo; Tombonuwo and Abai Sembuak layo; Ida'an Begak lejo; Basap, Long Anap Kenyah, Sangir, and Tontemboan lia; Lun Dayeh and Kelabit lieh; Berawan and Miriʼ lejeh; Narum lejieh; Kenyah (Òma Lóngh) lezó; Murik and Iban liaʻ; Kelai and Wahau Kenyah jeʻ; Segai aljoʻ; Modang lejao̯ʻ; Kiput lecih; Bintulu leza; Iban liaʻ; Dayak roiʻi; Jarai reya; Malay halia; Tialo loía; Balaesang láia; Bare'e leʻia; Tae laia or laya; Makasarese laia; Muna longhia; Bimanese rea; Manggarai, Roti, Erai, Leti, Wetan.

In Oceanic languages, cognates include Lou and Kairiru lei; Penchal lai; Ahus and Kurti liy; Drehet lip; Lindrow ley; Mussau and Wuvulu, Neham laia; Tanga lae; Lakalai la lahia; Gitua laea; Wedau naia; 'Āre'āre and Arosi ria; Sa'a lie; and Fijian cango laya.

[222][229][218] Some reflexes of it still refer to bitter ginger, including Sissano (una)kaw; Gapapaiwa kaware; Tikopia, Anutan, and Wallisian kava-pui; Samoan ʻava-pui; Tahitian ava-puhi; and Hawaiian ʻawa-puhi.

[25] In non-Oceanic languages, terms for bitter ginger can be reconstructed to Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian *lampuyaŋ, with cognates including Cebuano and Ngaju Dayak lampuyang; Javanese lempuyang; and Malay lempoyang.

The remains are associated with red slipped pottery, spindle whorls, stone adzes, and jade bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic Austronesian archeological sites in Taiwan.

[266] These Austronesian terms appear to be loanwords from the Austroasiatic languages and likely derives from a secondary pre-colonial introduction of water buffaloes into Island Southeast Asia via western Indonesia.

Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific [ 1 ]
Candlenut ( Aleurites moluccanus ) leaves, flowers, and fruit from Maui
Women preparing candlenut torches for the Baha Liurai festival in Babulo , Timor-Leste
Giant taro ( Alocasia macrorrhizos ) plantation in Tongatapu , Tonga
Elephant foot yam in Taman Negara , Malaysia
Cempedak ( Artocarpus integer ) in Malaysia
Breadfruit tree in Fatu-Hiva , Marquesas Islands
Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) in Hawaii
Jackfruit tree with fruits
Jackfruit tree with fruits
Bamboo forest in Taiwan
Wax gourds being sold in Indonesia
Kapa cloth being pounded in Maui , Hawaii
Paper mulberry fruits
A Dayak woman pounding barkcloth (likely made from Ficus or Artocarpus spp.) in Borneo , c. 1900 – 1938
Mastwood in Waiʻanapanapa , Maui
The ball-like fruits of mastwood in Beqa , Fiji
Flowers of Cananga odorata
Pomelo tree in southern Vietnam
Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the Indian subcontinent and Island Southeast Asia [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ]
Coconuts in Rangiroa in the Tuamotus , French Polynesia
Dwarf coconut in Luzon , showing the typical rounder niu vai fruit morphology of Pacific coconuts
Job's tears with developing seed pods
Taro fields in Hanalei Valley , Kaua'i
Taro plants in Auckland, New Zealand
Taro corms being sold in the Philippines
A taro plantation in Palau using dug pits and compost to create richer soil
Flowering beach cordia in Oʻahu
Red ti plants in Réunion
Red ti in Singapore
Red ti planted alongside traditional houses of the Ifugao people in the Banaue Rice Terraces , Philippines
Red ti planted around traditional Toraja houses in Tana Toraja , Sulawesi
Feral green ti plants in Makawao Forest, Maui
Flowering green ti plant in Tonga
Hula dancers in a Luau in Lāhainā , in traditional kī leaf skirts
Offerings of stone and bundles of tī leaves ( puʻolo ) in the Puʻu Moaulanui heiau (temple) in the summit of Kahoʻolawe , Hawaii
Ti leaf bundles ( puʻolo ) used as offerings to spirits in Hawaii
Fruit of Cucumis melo
Giant swamp taro plantation in Butaritari , Kiribati .
Ube ( Dioscorea alata ) from the Philippines where the dominant cultivated variety is vividly purple
ʻUfi ( Dioscorea alata ) vine in Vavaʻu , Tonga
Uhi ( Dioscorea alata ) in Maui
Illustration of D. bulbifera in Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands (Frances Sinclair, 1885)
Dioscorea esculenta in Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe
Ficus aspera at the Garden of Acclimatization of La Orotava
Ficus nota in Hawaii
Ficus tinctoria in Vava'u , Tonga
Noni fruits and flowers in Bulacan , Philippines
Iholena bananas in Maui , Hawaii
Fe'i bananas in Tahiti
Map of the Neolithic China
(8,500 to 1,500 BCE)
Ifugao hogang , guardian spirits carved from tree fern trunks overlooking the Banaue Rice Terraces of Luzon
Latte stone pillars ( haligi ) from Hagåtña , Guam
Woman using pandanus leaves in traditional weaving ( lauhala ) in Moloka'i , Hawaii (c. 1913)
Crab claw sail woven from pandanus leaves on a tepukei , an ocean-going outrigger canoe from Temotu , Solomon Islands
Pandanus tectorius with fruit in Beqa , Fiji
A bayong , a traditional Philippine basket woven from leaves of karagumoy ( Pandanus simplex ) in the hexagonal kinab-anan pattern
Betel vine
A betel mortar from Manam Motu , c. 1680 to 1890 CE
Royal ceremonial betel bag ( pahapa ), East Sumba, Kingdom of Kapunduk , early 20th century
Kawakawa in Auckland, New Zealand
Traditional kava preparation ceremony in Fiji
Kava plant in Maui
Map showing centers of origin of Saccharum officinarum in New Guinea , S. sinensis in southern China and Taiwan , and S. barberi in India ; dotted arrows represent Austronesian introductions [ 230 ]
Sugarcane field in Pampanga , Philippines
Indian nightshade in Alakode
Mountain apples in Maui
Mountain apple in bloom in Tonga
Polynesian arrowroot in Maui
Sea hibiscus flowers in Puna'auia , Tahiti
Pacific rosewood in Hawaii
Lengkuas rhizomes from Malaysia
Turmeric (' ōlena ) in Hawaii
White turmeric ( Curcuma zedoaria )
Turmeric ( kunyit ) in Singapore
Ginger plants in Mindanao
Bitter ginger in Maui
The carabao , a swamp-type water buffalo from the Philippines
Map depicting possible phylogeographic origins of dingoes , New Guinea singing dogs , and Island Southeast Asian and Oceanian dogs, based on recent genetic evidence (Fillios & Taçon, 2016) [ 271 ]
A taumi , a traditional breast ornament fringed with dog hair from the Tuamotus , James Cook Collection: Australian Museum
Lei niho ʻīlio from Hawaii using dog teeth
Ancient Hawaiian petroglyphic depiction of an ʻīlio ( Hawaiian Poi Dog )
Map showing the prehistoric introduction of domesticated chickens into Oceania from the Philippines via the Neolithic Austronesian expansion (c. 4000 BP), inferred from genetic markers on ancient and modern chicken DNA [ 298 ]