[2] Per Japanese census data,[3] the population of Fukaya has recently plateaued after a long period of growth.

In the Edo era, Fukaya-shuku was a major post town on the Nakasendō (中山道) highway, boasting over 80 inns.

Fukaya merged with the villages of Aketo, Hatara, Oyori and Fujisawa on January 1, 1955, and was elevated to city status.

Fukaya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 24 members.

In terms of national politics, the city is part of Saitama 11th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.