[1] The flow battery stores energy separately from its system for discharging.
One device uses dissolved sulfur as the cathode, lithium metal as the anode and an organic solvent as the electrolyte.
It uses a single tank and pump and reacts the LiS with lithium to produce power.
[5] A semi-solid cell based on the LiTi2(PO4)3–LiFePO4 couple utilizes fluid electrodes that are electronically conductive.
Simultaneous advection and electrochemical transport separates flow-induced losses from those due to underlying side reactions.