Palestine competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016.

The Palestinian roster featured middle-distance freestyle swimmer Ahmed Gebrel, the lone returning Olympian from London 2012, and three of its athletes being born and raised in Germany: judoka Simon Yacoub (men's 66 kg), Dressage horse rider and dual citizen Christian Zimmermann, and marathon runner Mayada Al-Sayad, who led the delegation as the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony, the second female in history since Sanna Abubkheet did so in 2004.

Palestinian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):[4][5] Palestine entered one rider into the Olympic equestrian competition by virtue of a top finish from Africa and the Middle East in the individual FEI Olympic rankings, signifying the nation's Olympic debut in the sport.

[6] Palestine has received an invitation from the Tripartite Commission to send a judoka competing in the men's extra-lightweight category (60 kg) to the Olympics.

Palestine has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.