Papiliolebias is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae.

These annual killifish are endemic to seasonal pools in the Paraguay and upper Madeira river basins in northwestern Argentina, central and southeastern Bolivia, and western Paraguay.

[1][2][3] They are small fish, up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in total length.

[4] As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.

[1][2][3] Papiliolebias and the closely related Maratecoara, Pituna, Plesiolebias and Stenolebias form a clade, Plesiolebiasini.