In the Cañete region, Chinese immigrants were massacred by Afro-Peruvian peasants, led by women during the War of the Pacific.
Following the war, Chinese were further targeted and murdered by native Peruvians.
In the central Sierra, armed indigenous peasants sacked and occupied the haciendas of landed elite Criollo 'collaborationists', a majority of whom were of ethnic-Chinese descent.
In Lima, Indigenous and mestizo Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers.
In response, Chinese coolies revolted, some even joining the Chilean Army.