Reduction-sensitive nanoparticles
Reduction-Sensitive Nanoparticles provide an efficient method of targeted drug delivery for the improved controlled release of medication within localized areas of the body.
Nanoparticles are small in size with maximized surface area and have an enhanced level of solubility; these elements result in an improved bioavailability.
If the drug is not administered in concentrations high enough it could result in undertreatment of tumor cells with little to no effect.
TMEs depict unique characteristics that create a differing microenvironment in comparison to healthy tissue.
Thus, nanoparticles can be designed to react to the unique elements of TMEs such as the formation of a reducing environment.
[2] The reducing environment of tumor cells is greatly impacted by the oxidation and reduction states of NADPH/NADP+ and Glutathione.
The characteristics depicted by the TME are tumor hypoxia, angiogenesis, metabolism, acidosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), etc.
[9] Furthermore, the glutathione concentration in the tumor microenvironment is reportedly at least four times higher compared to regular tissue.
[8] The over-expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH can lead to higher ROS levels.
Cancer cells express a unique NADPH homeostasis due to the adaptive alterations of signaling pathways and metabolic enzymes.
Disulfide bonds can be expressed attached to the side chains, the backbone, on the surface, and as linkages between moieties.
[9] Diselenide bonds have been observed to be attached to hydrophobic parts of amphiphilic triblocks or hyperbranched copolymers to create micelles.
Additionally, the synthesis can vary within subtype classes depending on how the different reduction sensitive bonds are expressed.
Research has been conducted with reduction sensitivity mechanisms using polymeric, lipid-polymer hybrids, and micelles nanoparticles.
[6][7][14][15] Reduction Sensitive Nanoparticles provide a mode of localized drug delivery by targeting elements of the tumor microenvironment.
RSNP has the advantages of high stability when adhering to hydraulic degradation, fast responsiveness to the intracellular reducing environment, and drug release occurs in the cytosol and cell nucleus.
Polymeric RSNPs have shown improved solubility, stability, biocompatibility, and decreased drug toxicity; for example, carbohydrate polymers.
Additionally, polymeric nanoparticles cannot effectively target the tumor and often undergo drug release too early.
Regardless, in more recent years reduction-sensitive and redox-sensitive nanoparticles have gained more momentum in the realm of inflammatory diseases.
Further advances have demonstrated Research has been conducted to evaluate the potential of RSNP as a therapeutic for inflammatory bowel disease.
These proposed agents would help detect and monitor the treatment of inflammatory diseases by applying redox dysregulation.
