[8] Analysis of chromosomal anomalies in patients has led to the identification and confirmation of SUMO1 as a cleft lip and palate locus.

A weakened heart results in symptoms of fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance and shortness of breath.

Heart failure is a major public health concern, as its incidence is on the rise worldwide, and is a leading cause of death in developed nations [27] SUMO 1 is a key component in cardiac function, since it helps regulate calcium homeostasis in the mitochondria of heart cells.

Its main function is to regulate the discharge and uptake of intracellular calcium between the cytosol and the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

[29] SUMO 1 may be an important therapeutic target to help improve cardiac performance in patients with heart failure.