Stress granule

[7][9] That said, these studies represent only a snapshot in time, and it is likely that a larger fraction of mRNA are at one point stored in stress granules due to those RNA transiting in and out.

[13] DHX9 is a distinct stress granule that has helicase activity capable of acting on double-stranded RNA, but not on DNA, to promote cell survival.

[14] DHX9 acts as a non-membrane bound cytoplasmic compartment to safeguard daughter cells from parental RNA damage.

[14] Assembly of DHX9 stress granules appears to be a dedicated mechanism in mammalian cells for protecting against RNA crosslinking damage.

[14] Environmental stressors trigger cellular signaling, eventually leading to the formation of stress granules.

[17] Many of these stressors result in the activation of particular stress-associated kinases (HRI, PERK, PKR, and GCN2), translational inhibition and stress granule formation.

This hypothesis is based on the fact that disruption of microtubules with the chemical nocodazole blocks the appearance of the granules.

[23] RNA phase transitions driven in part by intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions may play a role in stress granule formation.

Similar to intrinsically disordered proteins, total RNA extracts are capable of undergoing phase separation in physiological conditions in vitro.

[26] In yeast, catalytic ded1 mutant alleles give rise to constitutive stress granules[27] ATPase-deficient DDX3X (the mammalian homolog of Ded1) mutant alleles are found in pediatric medulloblastoma,[28] and these coincide with constitutive granular assemblies in patient cells.

[31][32][33] Recent work has shown that the highly abundant translation initiation factor and DEAD-box protein eIF4A limits stress granule formation.

The protein G3BP1 is necessary for the proper docking of processing bodies and stress granules to each other, which may be important for the preservation of polyadenylated mRNA.

The APEX technique was used to identify ~260 stress granule-associated proteins in several cell types, including neurons, and with various stressors.